Heterocyclic compounds are compounds containing five triple or quaternary cyclic atoms of N, O, S. They have distinctive features that show their importance in many pharmaceutical formulations used in medicinal chemistry. Therefore, heterocycles are of great importance to chemists working in medicine for the development of the chemical field as well. 1,3,4-thiadiazole has become an important building block in organic synthesis due to its wide range of natural substances. Therefore, scientists have paid attention and studied the biological activity of 1,3,4-thiadiazole. 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and their activity against cancer and also against microbes were evaluated as 1,3,4-thiadiazole sulfonamides were evaluated and it was found that compounds containing the sulfonamide part are effective as virus inhibitors.

The impact of novel compounds based small heterocyclic rings with important bioactivities promotes further research for designing and synthesizing new hybrid molecules. In the current investigation, new azido quinoline derivative has been synthesized from the commercially available 8-hydroxyquinoline. The obtained azido derivative was exploited via click chemistry to access three new 1,2,3-triazole glycosides by applying click chemistry reaction strategy. The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by their spectral and analytical data involving 1 H, 13 C NMR and IR. The anticancer activity of the synthesized products were evaluated agains a pannel of human cancer cell lines and the results were formulated in the form of IC 50 and percentage inhibition values.  

This paper is concerned with minimizing the total rental cost of special structure three phases flow shop scheduling problem. We propose a new approach to solve such problem with heptagonal fuzzy processing time. The heptagonal fuzzy processing time is processed without transforming it to a deterministic number. For demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed approach, a numerical example is illustrated.

A tridentate Schiff base ligand was manufactured via the concentration of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and p-phenylenediamine and structures were equipped and classified. Structural elucidation of the synthesized Schiff base ligand and its metal structures was determined by spectroscopic methods. The NMR spectroscopy confirmed the development of Schiff base ligand, manifesting the azomethine protons at 8.91 and 9.04 ppm in 1 HNMR spectrum and the azomethine carbons at 160.77, and 159.14 ppm in 13 CNMR spectrum. Moreover, The FT-IR spectroscopy assisted the detection of the prepared SB ligand and its metal structures. For instance, Absorption bands at 1662 cm -1 and 1530 cm -1 in the FT-IR spectrum of the SB ligand detected the formation of the azomethine groups, and these bands shifted to either lower or higher frequencies in the ranges of the structures, proving the management of Schiff base to the selected metals.  Meanwhile, the UV-Vis spectroscopy has revealed the excitations of the n → p* transition of azomethine group at 325 nm, and therefore this transition has been shifted upon structureation along with the apparent d-d transitions. Molar conductivity and magnetic moment capacities were utilized to support the evidence of the development of the polymeric Schiff base structures. The Ni(II) and Cu(II) structures exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities, whereas all the structures demonstrated considerable anticancer activities against SKOV3 and HeLa human cancer cells.

1,2,4-triazoles are valuable scaffolds in medicinal chemistry due to their diverse biological activities. This review delves into synthesis strategies, such as iodine-mediated, microwave-assisted, solid-phase, and liquid-phase approaches, and their biological relevance. These methods yield efficient access to 1,2,4-triazoles, which demonstrate significant anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral properties. Additionally, carbohydrate-based triazoles and coumarin-azole-sugar hybrid compounds also show remarkable activity. The potential of 1,2,4-triazoles in drug discovery and therapeutic applications underscores their role in medicinal chemistry.  

ABSTRACT Genetically engineered crops are used globally to enhance crop productivity, decrease reliance on pesticides, and enhance resistance against environmental challenges. Despite the significant benefits and widespread adoption of genetically modified crops, it is necessary to conduct a thorough assessment and implement effective management strategies to mitigate any potential adverse environmental impacts. To achieve a complete understanding of the possible environmental result associated with genetically modified crops, continuous research and thorough analysis are needed. Recent researches indicates that genetically modified crops have been associated with detrimental effects on the environment, including alterations in crop spread and invasiveness, the development of herbicide and insecticide resistance, the stacking of transgenes, and disruptions to biodiversity. However, a more comprehensive and rigorous investigation is needed to uncover additional insights and facts regarding these impacts. This paper provides an updated analysis of the adverse effects of environment on genetically modified crops and their results on both intended and unintended species. It aims to illuminate the growing concerns and risks linked to GM crops. Furthermore, ongoing research acknowledges that genetically modified crops have the capacity to detrimentally impact biodiversity and may result in the emergence of resistance problems, akin to the consequences observed in traditional, non-genetically modified agricultural methods. The paper also explores future prospects in this context. This review critically examined the available scientific research that delves into the ecological effects associated with genetically modified crops and their impacts on major aspects such as soil health, water quality, biodiversity, and non-target organisms. This evaluation clarified the complex consequences of genetically modified crops on the environment, shedding light on both their beneficial effects and possible drawbacks. Key words -: Biodiversity, Genetically modified crops, Potential environmental impact.

Abstract   Protease inhibitors are proteins that are found in plants, humans, animals, and most microorganisms and their function is to regulate the proteolytic activity. serine protease inhibitors have received great interest for their multiple applications in biotechnology and biomedicine and are the most prominent inhibitors in plants. Based on the amino acid information of trypsin inhibitor of kunitz trypsin inhibitor 3 Glycine max (soybean), degenerated primers were designed and a full-length cDNA sequence named RfIP1( Rhamnus frangula Protease Inhibitor 1) was amplified from the leaves DNA RNA by using PCR and RT-PCR respectively. Electrophoresis analysis showed a difference in the migration of the amplicons obtained on DNA and cDNA, revealing the existence of an intron of 210 nucleotides. The result of the RT-PCR proves that the sequence ofcDNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 570 bp, encoding 190 amino acids residues. In conclusion, we successfully got DNA and synthesized cDNA of serine protease inhibitor the Kunitz-type from plant Rhamnus frangula L, which adds to other protease inhibitors extracted from plants.

Background: Sodium benzoate (SB), with antibacterial and antifungal characteristics, is a commonly employed preservative in both food and pharmaceuticals. According to some studies, SB might be hazardous. Objective: This study was done to investigate the adverse effects of oral administration of sodium benzoate on some physiological parameters Materials and Methods : In this investigation, fifteen male rats were used. They were divided into three equal main groups: one received saline as the control group; the other two groups got oral SB treatment every day for three weeks at dosages of 300 and 500 mg/kg. At the end of the study, animals were sacrificed. Blood and liver samples were collected. Blood indices, glucose, renal profile (creatine, urea, and uric acid), liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL, HDL, vLDL), GSH and MDA were analyzed in all groups. Results: The findings demonstrated that administration of SB significantly raised ALP, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea, glucose, TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, and MDA. Furthermore, the high dose of sodium benzoate resulted in a significant decline in RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit values, HDL, and GSH. Conclusion: These results imply that the preservative sodium benzoate has adverse effects on the liver, kidneys, and possibly even some hematological parameters. Keywords: Sodium benzoate, liver enzymes, kidney, lipids, oxidation

A wide variety of diseases can be treated effectively and safely with many plant-based remedies. In the current study, Saussurea Costus was considered due to its medicinal benefits. The main objective of the current study was enzymatic characterization of a potent proteinaceous amylase inhibitor from  Saussurea Costus . The α-amylase inhibitor was aqueous extracted (with an inhibitory activity of 80%). The optimum activity was observed at pH 7 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at 80°C. Thermal stability was notably significant, with inhibitory activity maintained at up to 80% after 6 h of incubation at 100°C. The fact that the Saussurea Costus amylase inhibitor seems to have the greatest affinity for human salivary and pancreatic -amylase is indicative of the action of the current purified inhibitor against amylase derived from various sources. Keywords : Biochemical Characterization, α-Amylase Inhibitor, Saussurea Costus, Hypoglycemic.